Duke University scientists have given a pair of monkeys the ability to drive a wheelchair with their thoughts alone.
The work is described in a paper recently published in the journal Scientific Reports and adds to a growing body of work in brain-machine interfaces aiming to return some freedom to the severely disabled.
Duke neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis and his team first began experimenting back in 2012, when they implanted hundreds of microfibers as thin as a human hair in the brains of two rhesus macaque monkeys. The fibers recorded cortical activity associated with "whole-body movement" and sent the signals to a computer.
To start, the monkeys sat in wheelchairs that were moved along various paths toward a bowl of grapes across the room. Their brain activity was read and decoded by a computer program and then associated with wheelchair commands.
Next, the monkeys were given control of the wheelchair. Over time they learned to steer it by thought alone—the implants sending their intentions to the computer, and the program recognizing and translating their thoughts into motion.
“Our data shows that the wheelchair is being assimilated by the monkey’s brain as an extension of its bodily representation of itself,” Nicolelis says. “In essence the wheelchair is becoming a part of the monkey’s body.”
This isn’t the first time brain implants have been used to control some external device. Nicolelis and his team have been working on brain-machine interfaces since 1999. Over the years, their monkeys have learned to control virtual arms, and their brains have even been linked together into a kind of organic, brain-network called a "brainet."
In other studies, monkeys controlled real robotic arms with their thoughts, and the BrainGate program has tested the technique in humans. Quadriplegic patients using BrainGate brain implants have learned to control robotic arms and perform simple but liberating tasks such as taking a sip of coffee from a bottle.
Monkey WheelcharThe Duke study, however, is notable for a few reasons.
Whereas prior experimentation in wheelchairs used joysticks in the training phase, this study shows joysticks aren't necessary—an important finding if similar techniques are to be useful for paralyzed patients who can't move their hands or arms.
Other attempts to control wheelchairs have used non-invasive, electrode-studded EEG caps to record brain activity. But EEG readings taken from outside lack the detail of an internal brain implant. Of course, the downside of such implants is invasive surgery.
Nicolelis and his team aimed to minimize these ill effects. Unlike other implants, which tend to be rigid, theirs are flexible, appear to cause less damage, and can better integrate into the brain. Further, they're wireless, while other implants are tethered.
Taken together, the implants pose less risk and can last longer—in this case, years instead of weeks or months—and Nicolelis says the monkeys remain quite healthy.
What's next? The research may move beyond wheelchairs.
“We are not focused on the wheelchair—we’re actually developing robotic exoskeletons in parallel to this,” Nicolelis says. “But in principle, it could be any kind of vehicle because this is a general purpose approach.”
Another goal is expanding the number of individual neurons (currently about 300) the implants can monitor. The team has reportedly shown the technique capable of monitoring up to 2,000 neurons. After that, they hope to move on to human trials.
By Jason Dorrier - Singularity Hub
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