A1 and A2 are two different types of beta-casein proteins found in cow's milk. A1 beta-casein protein is the result of a genetic mutation that occurred in European cattle breeds several thousand years ago, while A2 beta-casein protein is the original protein found in cow's milk before the mutation occurred.
Some research suggests that A1 beta-casein protein may cause health problems in some people, such as digestive issues or an increased risk of heart disease. A2 beta-casein protein, on the other hand, is believed by some to be easier to digest and to have health benefits.
The type of beta-casein protein in cow's milk can be determined by genetic testing, and some farmers and dairy companies now selectively breed cows to produce milk with only the A2 beta-casein protein.
The differentiation between A1 and A2 beta-casein proteins is not usually done in most commercially available packaged dairy products, including milk. Most milk sold in grocery stores contains a mixture of both A1 and A2 beta-casein proteins.
However, some companies now produce milk and other dairy products that are specifically labeled as being from cows that only produce A2 beta-casein protein. These products may be marketed as "A2 milk" or "A2 dairy products". Some consumers choose to seek out these products believing that they may be easier to digest or have other health benefits.
It's important to note, however, that research on the health effects of A1 and A2 beta-casein proteins is still ongoing, and there is currently not enough evidence to definitively say whether one protein is better or worse for human health than the other.
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